E4P18S
Scholium — Part IV
Latin
His paucis humanæ impotentiæ et inconstantiæ causas et cur homines rationis præcepta non servent, explicui. Superest jam ut ostendam quid id sit quod ratio nobis præscribit et quinam affectus cum rationis humanæ regulis conveniant, quinam contra iisdem contrarii sint. Sed antequam hæc prolixo nostro geometrico ordine demonstrare incipiam, lubet ipsa rationis dictamina hic prius breviter ostendere ut ea quæ sentio facilius ab unoquoque percipiantur. Cum ratio nihil contra naturam postulet, postulat ergo ipsa ut unusquisque seipsum amet, suum utile, quod revera utile est, quærat et id omne quod hominem ad majorem perfectionem revera ducit, appetat et absolute ut unusquisque suum esse quantum in se est, conservare conetur. Quod quidem tam necessario verum est quam quod totum sit sua parte majus (vide propositionem 4 partis III). Deinde quandoquidem virtus (per definitionem 8 hujus) nihil aliud est quam ex legibus propriæ naturæ agere et nemo suum esse (per propositionem 7 partis III) conservare conetur nisi ex propriæ suæ naturæ legibus, hinc sequitur primo virtutis fundamentum esse ipsum conatum proprium esse conservandi et felicitatem in eo consistere quod homo suum esse conservare potest. Secundo sequitur virtutem propter se esse appetendam nec quicquam quod ipsa præstabilius aut quod utilius nobis sit, dari, cujus causa deberet appeti. Tertio denique sequitur eos qui se interficiunt animo esse impotentes eosque a causis externis suæ naturæ repugnantibus prorsus vinci. Porro ex postulato 4 partis II sequitur nos efficere nunquam posse ut nihil extra nos indigeamus ad nostrum esse conservandum et ut ita vivamus ut nullum commercium cum rebus quæ extra nos sunt, habeamus et si præterea nostram mentem spectemus, sane noster intellectus imperfectior esset si mens sola esset nec quicquam præter se ipsam intelligeret. Multa igitur extra nos dantur quæ nobis utilia quæque propterea appetenda sunt. Ex his nulla præstantiora excogitari possunt quam ea quæ cum nostra natura prorsus conveniunt. Si enim duo exempli gratia ejusdem prorsus naturæ individua invicem junguntur, individuum componunt singulo duplo potentius. Homini igitur nihil homine utilius; nihil inquam homines præstantius ad suum esse conservandum optare possunt quam quod omnes in omnibus ita conveniant ut omnium mentes et corpora unam quasi mentem unumque corpus componant et omnes simul quantum possunt suum esse conservare conentur omnesque simul omnium commune utile sibi quærant; ex quibus sequitur homines qui ratione gubernantur hoc est homines qui ex ductu rationis suum utile quærunt, nihil sibi appetere quod reliquis hominibus non cupiant atque adeo eosdem justos, fidos atque honestos esse. Hæc illa rationis dictamina sunt quæ hic paucis ostendere proposueram antequam eadem prolixiore ordine demonstrare inciperem, quod ea de causa feci ut, si fieri posset, eorum attentionem mihi conciliarem qui credunt hoc principium, quod scilicet unusquisque suum utile quærere tenetur, impietatis, non autem virtutis et pietatis esse fundamentum. Postquam igitur rem sese contra habere breviter ostenderim, pergo ad eandem eadem via qua huc usque progressi sumus, demonstrandum.
English (Elwes 1883)
In these few remarks I have explained the causes of human infirmity and inconstancy, and shown why men do not abide by the precepts of reason. It now remains for me to show what course is marked out for us by reason, which of the emotions are in harmony with the rules of human reason, and which of them are contrary thereto. But, before I begin to prove my Propositions in detailed geometrical fashion, it is advisable to sketch them briefly in advance, so that everyone may more readily grasp my meaning.
As reason makes no demands contrary to nature, it demands, that every man should love himself, should seek that which is useful to him--I mean, that which is really useful to him, should desire everything which really brings man to greater perfection, and should, each for himself, endeavour as far as he can to preserve his own being. This is as necessarily true, as that a whole is greater than its part. (Cf. III. iv.)
Again, as virtue is nothing else but action in accordance with the laws of one's own nature (IV. Def. viii.), and as no one endeavours to preserve his own being, except in accordance with the laws of his own nature, it follows, first, that the foundation of virtue is the endeavour to preserve one's own being, and that happiness consists in man's power of preserving his own being; secondly, that virtue is to be desired for its own sake, and that there is nothing more excellent or more useful to us, for the sake of which we should desire it; thirdly and lastly, that suicides are weak--minded, and are overcome by external causes repugnant to their nature. Further, it follows from Postulate iv., Part II., that we can never arrive at doing without all external things for the preservation of our being or living, so as to have no relations with things which are outside ourselves. Again, if we consider our mind, we see that our intellect would be more imperfect, if mind were alone, and could understand nothing besides itself. There are, then, many things outside ourselves, which are useful to us, and are, therefore, to be desired. Of such none can be discerned more excellent, than those which are in entire agreement with our nature. For if, for example, two individuals of entirely the same nature are united, they form a combination twice as powerful as either of them singly.
Therefore, to man there is nothing more useful than man--nothing, I repeat, more excellent for preserving their being can be wished for by men, than that all should so in all points agree, that the minds and bodies of all should form, as it were, one single mind and one single body, and that all should, with one consent, as far as they are able, endeavour to preserve their being, and all with one consent seek what is useful to them all. Hence, men who are governed by reason--that is, who seek what is useful to them in accordance with reason, desire for themselves nothing, which they do not also desire for the rest of mankind, and, consequently, are just, faithful, and honourable in their conduct.
Such are the dictates of reason, which I purposed thus briefly to indicate, before beginning to prove them in greater detail. I have taken this course, in order, if possible, to gain the attention of those who believe, that the principle that every man is bound to seek what is useful for himself is the foundation of impiety, rather than of piety and virtue.
Therefore, after briefly showing that the contrary is the case, I go on to prove it by the same method, as that whereby I have hitherto proceeded.
Modern English
In these few remarks I have explained the causes of human powerlessness and inconstancy, and shown why human beings do not follow the precepts of reason. It remains now to show what reason prescribes to us, which affects accord with the rules of human reason, and which are contrary to them. But before I begin to demonstrate all this in our extended geometrical order, I want first to set out the dictates of reason briefly here, so that my meaning may be more readily grasped by everyone.
Since reason demands nothing contrary to nature, it demands that everyone love himself, seek what is truly useful to him, desire everything that truly leads him to greater perfection, and, each for himself, strive as far as he can to preserve his own being. This is as necessarily true as that the whole is greater than any of its parts (E3P4).
Again, since virtue (E4D8) is nothing other than acting from the laws of one's own nature, and since no one strives to preserve his own being except by the laws of his own nature (E3P7), it follows first that the foundation of virtue is the very striving to preserve one's own being, and that blessedness consists in a human being's ability to preserve his being. It follows second that virtue is to be desired for its own sake, and that nothing more excellent exists, nothing more useful to us, for whose sake it ought to be desired. It follows third and last that those who kill themselves are powerless in mind and are wholly overcome by external causes repugnant to their own nature.
Furthermore, from Postulate 4 of Part II it follows that we can never succeed in needing nothing outside ourselves to preserve our being and in living so as to have no dealings with things external to us. If we also consider our mind, our intellect would be more imperfect if it were alone and understood nothing beyond itself.
Many things outside us are therefore given that are useful to us and are therefore to be desired. Of these none can be found more excellent than those that are wholly in agreement with our nature. For if, say, two individuals of exactly the same nature are joined together, they compose an individual twice as powerful as either one alone. Nothing, then, is more useful to a human being than another human being. Nothing, I say, can be wished for more excellent for the preservation of one's being than that all should so agree in all things that the minds and bodies of all compose, as it were, one single mind and one single body, and that all together strive as much as they can to preserve their being, and all together seek what is useful to all in common. From this it follows that human beings governed by reason — those who seek their own advantage under reason's guidance — desire nothing for themselves that they do not also desire for the rest of humanity, and are therefore just, trustworthy, and honourable.
These are the dictates of reason that I set out briefly here before beginning to demonstrate them in our more extended order. I did this so that, if possible, I might gain the attention of those who believe that the principle that everyone is bound to seek his own advantage is the foundation of impiety rather than of virtue and piety. Now that I have shown briefly that the contrary is the case, I proceed to demonstrate it by the same method I have used until now.